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The field of criminology studies the frequency and dynamics of crime. Most of these studies use correlational data; that is, they attempt to identify various factors which tend to be related to the frequency of different categories of crime behavior. From such correlational studies, a large number of theories have been proposed for explaining the causes of these crimes. Such attempts to identify specific causes of crime must be read very critically since correlation does not imply causation. ''The Handbook of Crime Correlates'' (2009) is a systematic review of 5200 empirical studies on crime which have been published in the worldwide academic literature. A crime consistency score is used to represent the degree of relationship among the factors which were studied. The scoring depends on how consistently a statistically significant relationship was identified. The authors argue that the review summaries most of what is currently known about the variables associated with criminality.〔 ==Gender and biology== (詳細はshoplifting, which is about equally distributed between the genders. Males appear to be more likely to recidivate.〔 Measures related to arousal such as heart rate and skin conductance are low among criminals.〔 Mesomorphic or muscular body type is positively correlated with criminality, in particular with sexual crimes.〔 Testosterone is positively correlated to criminal behavior.〔 When controlling for age and sex, there are strong genetic correlates with criminality. Low monoamine oxidase activity and low 5-HIAA levels tend to be found among criminals.〔 Monoamine oxidase A (dubbed the "warrior gene" in the popular press) is strongly tied to an increased tendency towards violent crime. In addition, CDH13, a gene previously tied to an increased risk of substance abuse, has been tied to increased tendencies to violent crime.〔 J. Tiihonen et al., "Genetic background of extreme violent behavior", ''Molecular Psychiatry'' (28 October 2014), doi:10.1038/mp.2014.130.〕 These tendencies are ostensibly correlated, as the majority of all individuals who commit severe violent crime in Finland do so under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The researchers emphasized that the presence of the genetic profile does not predetermine whether a given individual will commit crimes; it merely suggests the increased likelihood of delinquency in cases where environmental factors are also conductive to criminal behaviour. Dr Ferguson (Stetson University, Florida stated: ) 'Studies like this really document that a large percentage of our behaviour in terms of violence or aggression is influenced by our biology - our genes - and our brain anatomy.' () Jan Schnupp at the University of Oxford (): 'To call these alleles "genes for violence" would therefore be a massive exaggeration. In combination with many other factors these genes may make it a little harder for you to control violent urges, but they most emphatically do not predetermine you for a life of crime.' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Statistical correlations of criminal behaviour」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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